|
定语从句
所谓从句，就是一个主谓结构相当于整个句子(这样的句子叫复合句)的一个成分，因此，从句不能单独使用。在复合句中修饰名词或代词、作定语的句子叫定语从句。定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫“先行词”，因为它总是处在定语从句的前头，比定语从句先行一步。引导定语从句的词叫关系词，包括关系代词和关系副词。
关系代词概说
关系代词有who, whose, whom, that, which等，用来引导定语从句。它们在定语从句中可用作主语、宾语、定语或表语；另一方面它们又代表主句中定语从句所修饰的先行词。
1. 关系代词图示
|
关系代词
|
先行词
|
从句中所作成分
|
能否省略
|
|
that
|
人/物
|
主语、宾语、表语
|
作宾语时可以省略
|
|
which
|
物
|
主语、宾语、表语
|
作宾语时可以省略
介词后不能省略
|
|
whose
|
人/物
|
定语
|
不能省略
|
|
who
|
人
|
主语
|
不能省略
|
|
whom
|
人
|
宾语
|
作宾语时可以省略
介词后不能省略
|
|
as
|
物
|
主语、宾语
|
不能省略
|
2. 关系代词的用法
|
关系代词用法
|
例句
|
|
如果先行词指代物，用关系代词that或which在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，如果作宾语，that或which可以省略。用whose在从句中作定语。
|
A plane is a machine that/which can fly.飞机是能飞行的机器。
This is the model plane (that/which) we made last week.这就是我们上周制作的飞机模型。
I like the book whose cover is blue.我喜欢封面是蓝色的那本书。
The water that bears the boat is the same that swallows it up.水能载舟，亦能覆舟。
We should never remember the benefits that we have offered nor forget the favor received.自己的好事别去提，别人的恩惠要铭记。
|
|
如果先行词指代人，用关系代词who, whom, whose 或that。其中，who作主语，whom作宾语，whose作定语。如果先行词是those, anyone，people, he等时，用who/whom不用that。
|
A friend is someone who makes me happy朋友是让我感到快乐的人。
God helps those who help themselves.天道酬勤。
He who by reviewing the old can gain knowledge of the new is fit to be a teacher.温故而知新，可以为师矣。
He who depends on himself will attain the greatest happiness. 自求多福/天助自助者。
Nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it. 世上无难事，只怕有心人。
|
3. 仅用that的情况
|
使用场合
|
例句
|
|
先行词为all,
everything, nothing, something, anything, little, few, much等不定代词时。
|
All is not gold that glitters./All that glitters is not gold. 闪光的不一定是黄金。
|
|
先行词被all, each, few, much, every, no, some, any等不定代词修饰时。
|
All the books that you need are here.你所需要的书都在这儿。
|
|
先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。
|
“Book” is the first English word that I have learnt. “Book”是我学的第一个英语单词。
A contented mind is the greatest blessing (that)a man can enjoy in this world.知足是人生在世最大的幸事。
|
|
先行词既有人又有物时。
|
He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited.他谈到了他曾拜访过的老师和学校。
|
|
主句是以who或which开头的疑问句时。
|
Who is the man that is speaking over there？在那里说话的人是谁？
|
|
先行词被the only, the very, the last等修饰时。
|
The only thing that we have to fear is fear itself.我们唯一不得不害怕的就是害怕本身。
This is the very book that I am looking for.这正是我在找的书。
|
|
关系代词在从句中作表语时。
|
He is not the young man that he was thirty years ago.他已不是三十年前的那个年轻人了。
|
4. 仅用which的情况
|
使用场合
|
例句
|
|
“介词＋关系代词”引导定语从句，其中的关系代词只用which或whom，不能用that或who。
|
The room in which there is a machine is a workshop.有机器的那个房间是车间。
Do you know the man with whom our teacher is shaking hands？你认识我们老师和他握手的那个人吗？
|
|
非限制性定语从句
|
He passed the exam, which made his parents happy.他通过了考试，这使他父母很高兴。
The passage of time is just like the flow of water, which goes on day and night. 逝者如斯夫，不舍昼夜。
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.我去年买的房子有一个很漂亮的花园。
|
5. “whose＋n.”引导的定语从句
|
用法
|
例句
|
|
whose可以指代人和物。“whose＋n.”引导定语从句修饰物时，可换成“the＋n.＋of which”或“of which＋the＋n.”。指人时，whose相当于“of whom＋the＋n.”
|
A person whose__email__account (＝of whom the email account)is full won't be able to send or receive any emails.一个人的邮箱如果满了，就无法再收发邮件了。
That man is the richest whose__pleasures(＝the pleasures of whom/of whom the pleasures) are the cheapest.能处处寻求快乐的人才是最富有的人。
We study in a big classroom whose windows face south.我们在一个窗户朝南的大教室学习。＝We study in a big classroom the windows of which face south.＝We study in a big classroom of which the windows face south.
|
|
【考情分析】
定语从句是英语中最为重要的语法，是中国人学英语的难点之一，也是高考的常客。其热点考查内容如下：一、在完形填空中通过定语从句考查先行词的选择；二、在阅读理解中考查对定语从句的理解和与其他各种从句在意义上的转换；三、在语法填空中直接考查对关系词的选择、根据先行词派生的主谓一致、定语从句的时态等；四、在书面表达中考查通过定语从句给作文润色。
关系词：
关系词在定语从句的构成里是至关重要的。我们甚至可以说，掌握不好关系词就无法做定语从句相关题，也无法理解文中带有定语从句部分的意思。定语从句中的关系词只有两类：关系代词和关系副词，没有连词。也就是说，定语从句中的所有关系词不但都有具体的意义，而且都在从句中充当一定的成分。
定语从句中的插入语：
定语从句中可以插入I think, you think等。
Last week I came across the man who you think is pleasant to work with. 上周我碰到了你认为与他一起工作很愉快的那个人。This is the suggestion which I think is very valuable.这是我认为非常有价值的建议。
巧记1：在关系代词中that既可指人又可指物，既可作主语又可作宾语，因此，除了在非限制性定语从句中，用that一般不会出问题。
巧记2：定语从句中，关系代词的单复数取决于先行词的单复数。
Those who are in their forties are required to have a physical examination this afternoon. 请那些年龄在四十岁的人于今天下午去体检。
This is the magazine which was sent to me by post. 这是通过邮局寄给我的杂志。
关系代词的省略：
关系代词在从句中作宾语时，通常可以省略。
He is the student (whom) you have been looking for.他就是你要找的那位同学。
关系代词及be动词的省略：
定语从句的结构关系为“关系代词＋be动词＋现在分词短语/过去分词短语/不定式短语/介宾短语”时，可将关系代词和be动词一同省略，也就是说定语从句有时可简化为现在分词短语/过去分词短语/不定式短语/介宾短语。
We can see the flowers (which are) dancing gently in the wind. 我们可以看到花儿在风中翩翩起舞。
He was invited to a meeting (which was) to be held the next day. 他被邀请出席第二天举行的会议。
定语从句的翻译：
当定语从句不是很长时，一般将定语从句先翻译出来，然后在末尾加上一个“的”，一起放到先行词前。
We talked about the persons and things that we remembered. 我们谈到了我们记得的人和事。
比较长的定语从句，一般使用“重复先行词”的方法，把全句翻译成两个句子。
Are you staying at the white house which/that is newly completed and which /that has 15 bedrooms, 3 kitchens and 4 toilets？
你是住在那幢刚刚竣工的白色房子里吗？ 那幢房子有15个卧室、3个厨房和4个卫生间。
当定语从句修饰与时间有关的最高级时，定语从句本身常用现在完成时。
This is the most impressive TV play that has never been put on show before. 这是以前从未上演过的最有感染力的电视剧。
|
