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The Renaissance marks a period of human awakening.In this article we are going to explore the inventions during this period which have helped change the life and progress of mankind.
Clock
The first mechanical (机械的) clock was invented in the early 1300's.Galileo，an Italian scientist，discovered the pendulum (钟摆) around 1602.The pendulum greatly improved the movement of the hands of a clock.The average error (误差) with the pendulum varied only by seconds each day.Before this the error was from 10 to 15 minutes a day.
Eyeglasses
In the late thirteenth century paintings first appeared with people wearing or holding eyeglasses.From these paintings we know that eyeglasses were invented in Italy.Around 1300 the Venetian Glassmaker's Guild made it illegal for cheap glasses to be made.By 1352 eyeglasses were only worn by well-educated，rich men.In 1456 the invention of the printing press allowed books to become widespread.Once people owned books reading glasses began to be seen in the hands of common people.In 1623 the Spanish invented the first graded eyeglasses.
Flush toilet (抽水马桶)
Sir John Harrington，godson to Queen Elizabeth，made the first flush toilet for himself and his godmother in 1596.He was teased by his friends and never made another one.
In 1775，Alexander Cummings reinvented the flush toilet more commonly called the water closet.Two years later in 1777 Samuel Prosser applied for and received a patent(专利) for it.
Wallpaper
In 1496 the first paper factory came into operation in England.English artists soon make wallpaper for decoration.For the next 200 years England was a large producer of wallpaper for Europe.Before wallpaper was invented only wealthy people could afford to decorate the walls of their houses.
1．What do we know about the first clock?
A．It measured 23 hours a day.
B．It was designed by Galileo.
C．It was made in the 1300's.
D．It had a pendulum.
2．What happened to eyeglasses when they were first invented?
A．They were worn by the rich.
B．They were spread by the Spanish.
C．They were made in different grades.
D．They were used to appreciate paintings.
3．What did John Harrington do to his invention?
A．He improved it 2 years later.
B．He applied for a patent for it.
C．He designed it for his friends.
D．He shared it with Queen Elizabeth.
