非谓语动词的形式及句法功能
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种类
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时态
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主动
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被动
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主语
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宾语
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宾补
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表语
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定语
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状语
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不定式
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一般式
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to do
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to be done
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√
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√
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√
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√
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√
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√
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进行式
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to be doing
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×
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完成式
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to have done
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to have been done
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动名词
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一般式
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doing
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being done
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√
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√
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×
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√
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√
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×
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完成式
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having done
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having been done
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分词
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现在
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一般式
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doing
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being done
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×
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×
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√
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√
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√
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√
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完成式
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having done
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having been done
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过去
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一般式
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done(vi.)表完成
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done(vt.)表被动与完成
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×
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×
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√
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√
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√
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√
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非谓语动词的核心考点
1.非谓语动词作状语
(1)不定式作状语
①表示目的
I stopped the car to take a short break as I was feeling tired.
②不定式作结果状语表示出乎意料的结果，动词不定式前常加only。
George returned after the war，only to be told that his wife had left him.
(2)现在分词作状语
①一般式doing
表示动作和谓语动作同时或几乎同时发生，与句子的主语是主动关系。
The sun began to rise in the sky，bathing the mountain in golden light.(主动关系)
②完成式having done
表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。
I got to the office earlier that day，having caught the 7：30 train from Paddington.
③被动式having been done
表示动作发生在谓语动作之前，与句子的主语是被动关系。
Having been asked to work overtime that evening，I missed a wonderful film.(被动意义，非谓语动词的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前)
(3)过去分词作状语
过去分词作状语时，与句子主语之间是被动关系。
Seen from the top of the mountain，the city is very beautiful.(被动关系)
