交大附中高级教师 尹才林
■题型介绍
上海市考试院这样评价上海市高考听力题:听力注重考查获取口头信息的能力。听力测试不仅要求听懂和获取各种交际语境中的事实信息,还要求根据事实信息推断说话人想要表达的隐含意思。
高考听力理解题测试目标归纳起来有三个方面:事实信息(具体细节)、隐含意义和主旨大意(中心思想)。
事实信息题的表现形式为:
What does theman want?
Who was at the door?
When will the meeting beheld?
All of the following are trueexcept____________。
According to the passage,who/what/which/when/where/how often
…?
According to the passage,which of the following is true?
According to the passage,which of the following is not true?
According to the passage,which of the following is notmen-tioned?
…等等
隐含意义题的表现形式为:
What does the womanmean?
What does the man implyabout…?
It can be inferred from thetext that…
From the textwe know that…
What can be inferred aboutthe two speakers?
The story implies that…
The paragraph following thepassage willmost probably be…
Itmay be concluded from thepassage that…
What’s the possible relation-ship between the two speakers?
…等等
主旨大意题的表现形式为:
What is the passage mainlyabout?
The main idea of the passageis…
What did the storymainly tellus?
The passage ismainly about…
What does the reportmainlytell us about…?
What does the first surveymainly tell us?
The best title for the passagewould/might be…
Which of the following state-ments best expresses themain ideaof the passage?
…等等
■应试技巧
1、利用间隔,预测内容
每个大题开始的时候,都有一段Directions,录音里面的朗读者读这一段directions一般需要30秒钟,因为我们平时对这种题型已经很熟,所以,在听这段录音时,我们就可以浏览题目了,一般来说,在30秒内我们可以把PartA ShortConversations的10个题目的选项浏览一遍,并重点浏览第一题;在每段对话结束后到下一段对话开始前,有10秒钟的间隔,利用这10秒钟时间,浏览下一题的四个选项,根据选项的信息,预测听力材料可能的内容。如:
1)A.OnMarch 2.B.OnMarch 3.
C.OnMarch 5. D.OnMarch 8. 2)A.At a cinema.B.At an airport.C.At a railway station.D.At a stadium。
3)A. By bus. B. By under-ground. C.On foot. D.By bicycle。 4)A.Go to themovies.B.See a doctor. C. Get some fruit.D. Stay at home。
5)A.Car seller. B. Police offi-cer. C.Detective. D.Reporter。
从上面的选项中我们可以预测:第一题与日期有关,可能要你算一下日期;第二题与场所有关,可能会问你对话发生在哪里?或与场所有关的问题;第三题与交通方式有关,可能会问你如何去上班去上学,利用什么交通工具?第四题与做什么事有关,可能会问你将要做什么事?第五题与职业有关,可能会问你有关职业的问题。Short conversations的内容可以预测,
那么passages的内容同样可以预测。如:
1)A.Ten years B.Fifteen yearsC.Twenty yearsD.A hundred years
2)A.Their lives are too short
B.Their lives are too long。
C. They changed to a bambooeating diet. D. They can’t get e-nough nutrient from bamboo。
3) A. The speaker thinks pan-das will die out anyway. B. Thespeaker thinks pandas can be saved。
C. The speaker is being infor-mative. D. The speaker is worried。
从上述的选项中我们可以预测到3个内容:1、大熊猫的寿命;2、大熊猫的饮食;3、对大熊猫的担忧或看法。
综上所述,我们总结出这样的做题步骤:预测——听题——选项——预测下一题。
2、抓住要点,获取信息
在2006年秋季、2007年秋季、2008年秋季和2009年秋季高考听力中,事实信息题分别占了14题、15题、15题和14题,也就是说事实信息题是大头,充分体现了听力考试的原则:听力注重考查获取口头信息的能力。因此我们要重视事实信息题。
在听做事实信息题时要注意:
1.理解说话人的身份、职业、年龄等特征;
2.听懂时间、地点和数字,并进行简单的计算;
3.要理解说话和事情发生的时间和地点。
要抓住要点,获取信息。特别在short conversation中,测试的问题大多以 when, where, who, what, whyand how等开头。
如 2006年秋季高考听力题的short conversations:
1.M:Were you here onMarch 5?
W:Emm... not really. In fact, Iarrived three days later。
Q:When did the woman arrive?
题目选项:(答案:D)
A.OnMarch 2. B.OnMarch 3.
C.OnMarch 5. D.OnMarch 8.
本题考核目标是获取重要的事实信息的能力。根据女士所说“我是3天后到的”,那么3月5日后的3天是3月8日,所以D选项为正确答案。
2007年秋季高考听力题的shortconversations:
4.M:I thought I heard someoneat the door。
W:Just the postman with apackage for our neighbour,theBrowns.They are away visiting theirson。
Q:Who was at the door? (答案:D)
题目选项:A. The Browns.B.The Browns' son. C.The post-man. D.The neighbour。
本题考核目标是获取重要的事实信息的能力。根据女士所说“是邮递员给我们的邻居布朗家送包裹……”,可以知道来人是邮递员,所以C选项为正确答案。本题的关键是:“Just thepostman with a package for ourneighbour,the Browns.They are awayvisiting their son。”听懂了这位女士的话,那么该题就解决了。
5. W: Could you tellme thestarting times for both performances? M: The first begins at 7:00 andit lasts 2 hours. The second followsimmediately after a ten-minute break。
Q: Atwhat time does the sec-ond show start? (答案:D)
题目选项: A.7:00. B. 7:10.
C. 9:00. D. 9:10.
本题考核目标是获取重要的事实信息的能力。根据男士所说 “……第一场表演7点开始,持续两小时。休息十分钟后紧接着就是第二场”,就可以推算出第二场表演开始的时间,所以D选项为正确答案。本题的关键是这位男士的回答:“The first begins at7:00 and it lasts 2 hours. The sec-ond follows immediately after a tenminute break。”经过简单的计算就得出结论:The second show begins at9:10.
3、听清主题,善于总结
1)通过主题句归纳主旨大意
从历年的高考听力题来看,考查测试考生归纳主旨大意的能力是听力测试的重要内容。在做这类题目时,要注意:1)通过主题句概括中心思想;2)要善于总结短文的大意;3)要透视说话人的目的。要做好归纳主旨大意,就像做阅读题一样,文章都有主题句,所不同的是要找到主题句,阅读时用眼睛去看,去搜索,而做听力题时用耳朵听的。文章的主题句往往出现在文章的开头,有时也在文章的结尾,偶尔也出现在文章的中间。概括了一个段落或一篇文章中心思想的句子就是主题句,主题句往往是一篇听力材料的中心思想,文章的其他内容都是围绕主题句展开的。我们要总结短文的大意和透视说话人的目的,听清主题句就显得很有必要。
如2006年听力题的第16题,这篇文章的第一段:
Now it's eight o'clock, timefor the educational report。
GCSE is a British exam takenby students in England and Walesaround the age of 16. Recently researchers at Durham University haveconfirmed the doubt ofmany parentsand employers that some GCSEs areeasier than others, despite officialclaims that each subject is equallydifficult。
16.Question:What does the re-port mainly tell us about GCSEs?(答案:C)
A. Few students avoid hardersubjects。
B. Each subject has the samelevel of difficulty。
C. Some subjects aremore diffi-cult than others。
D. Pupils are important to thecountry's development。
这篇文章第一段的第二句就是主题句,其中最关键的一部分就是“someGCSEs are easier than others”,从中可以判断 “Some subjects are moredifficult than others”
本题考核目标为归纳话语的主旨大意。虽然政府官员宣称GCSE考试中的每个科目难度相等,但是研究显示,其实并非如此,而且,越来越多的学生避开难度大的科目,所以C选项为正确答案。
2)通过总结归纳主旨大意
听力题所用时间短,一时很难判断哪一句是主题句,有些短文主题句没有出现在段首,而是在结尾出现好几句总结性的文字,这时我们就要善于总结,然后从选项中选取正确的选项。
如2006年秋季听力的第13题。
这篇文章的最后一段:
So we bought the company. Thefirst few years were very difficult.Butwe worked hard andwe had a bit of luck.We beganto improve three years ago. Sincethen we have done pretty well。
Last year we took on four newpeople and so far this year we havetaken on another ten。
13.Question:What did the storymainly tell us? (答案:D)
A.Why a company lost its cus-tomers。
B. Why a company went out ofbusiness。
C. How a company went frombad to worse。
D. How a company got out ofits difficult situation。
本题考核目标为归纳话语的主旨大意。听懂全文就可以知道本文主要讲述的是:一些雇员买下了倒闭的公司,并经过努力使之走出困境,所以D选项为正确答案。
来源:新闻晚报